Menopause

Menopause is a natural transition marking the end of a woman’s menstrual cycle, typically occurring between ages 45 and 55. It is preceded by perimenopause, which can last 4 to 8 years and bring symptoms like hot flashes and irregular periods. Menopause is confirmed after 12 consecutive months without a period, and it can occur naturally, surgically (ovary removal), or be induced by treatments like chemotherapy. Post-menopausal bleeding should always be evaluated by a healthcare provider. Common symptoms of menopause include hormonal changes leading to hot flashes, night sweats, fatigue, and mood swings. Physical effects can include urinary tract infections, incontinence, joint pain, itching, acne, and hair thinning. Bone health also declines, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Treatments range from lifestyle adjustments to hormone therapy and medications to help manage symptoms and maintain overall health.